VISUDO(8)

NAME
visudo - edit the sudoers file

SYNOPSIS
visudo [-chqsV] [-f sudoers] [-x output_file]

DESCRIPTION
visudo edits the sudoers file in a safe fashion, analogous to vipw(8). visudo locks the sudoers file against multiple simultaneous edits, provides basic sanity checks, and checks for parse errors. If the sudoers file is currently being edited you will receive a message to try again later.

visudo parses the sudoers file after editing and will not save the changes if there is a syntax error. Upon finding an error, visudo will print a message stating the line number(s) where the error occurred and the user will receive the “What now?” prompt. At this point the user may enter ‘e’ to re-edit the sudoers file, ‘x’ to exit without saving the changes, or ‘Q’ to quit and save changes. The ‘Q’ option should be used with extreme caution because if visudo believes there to be a parse error, so will sudo and no one will be able to run sudo again until the error is fixed. If ‘e’ is typed to edit the sudoers file after a parse error has been detected, the cursor will be placed on the line where the error occurred (if the editor supports this feature).

There are two sudoers settings that determine which editor visudo will run.

editor
    A colon (‘’): separated list of editors allowed to be used with visudo. visudo will choose the editor that matches the user's SUDO_EDITOR, VISUAL or EDITOR environment variable if possible, or the first editor in the list that exists and is executable. Note that the SUDO_EDITOR, VISUAL and EDITOR environment variables are not preserved by default when the env_reset sudoers option is enabled. The default editor path is vi which can be set at compile time via the --with-editor configure option.

env_editor
    If set, visudo will use the value of the SUDO_EDITOR, VISUAL or EDITOR environment variables before falling back on the default editor list. Note that this may create a security hole as it allows the user to run any arbitrary command as root without logging. A safer alternative is to place a colon-separated list of editors in the editor variable. visudo will then only use SUDO_EDITOR, VISUAL or EDITOR if they match a value specified in editor. If the env_reset flag is enabled, the SUDO_EDITOR, VISUAL and/or EDITOR environment variables must be present in the env_keep list for the env_editor flag to function when visudo is invoked via sudo. The default value is on, which can be set at compile time via the --with-env-editor configure option.

The options are as follows:

-c, --check
    Enable check-only mode. The existing sudoers file (and any other files it includes) will be checked for syntax errors. If the -f option has not been specified, visudo will also check the sudoers file owner and mode. A message will be printed to the standard output describing the status of sudoers unless the -q option was specified. If the check completes successfully, visudo will exit with a value of 0. If an error is encountered, visudo will exit with a value of 1.

-f sudoers, --file=sudoers
    Specify an alternate sudoers file location. With this option, visudo will edit (or check) the sudoers file of your choice, instead of the default, /etc/sudoers. The lock file used is the specified sudoers file with “.tmp” appended to it. In check-only mode only, the argument to -f may be ‘-’, indicating that sudoers will be read from the standard input. Because the policy is evaluated in its entirety, it is not sufficient to check an individual sudoers include file for syntax errors.

-h, --help
    Display a short help message to the standard output and exit.

-q, --quiet
    Enable quiet mode. In this mode details about syntax errors are not printed. This option is only useful when combined with the -c option.

-s, --strict
    Enable strict checking of the sudoers file. If an alias is referenced but not actually defined or if there is a cycle in an alias, visudo will consider this a parse error. Note that it is not possible to differentiate between an alias and a host name or user name that consists solely of uppercase letters, digits, and the underscore (‘_’) character.

-V, --version
    Print the visudo and sudoers grammar versions and exit.

-x output_file, --export=output_file
    Export a sudoers in JSON format and write it to output_file. If output_file is ‘-’, the exported sudoers policy will be written to the standard output. By default, /etc/sudoers (and any files it includes) will be exported. The -f option can be used to specify a different sudoers file to export. The exported format is intended to be easier for third-party applications to parse than the traditional sudoers format. The various values have explicit types which removes much of the ambiguity of the sudoers format.

  Debugging and sudoers plugin arguments
visudo versions 1.8.4 and higher support a flexible debugging framework that is configured via Debug lines in the sudo.conf(5) file.

Starting with sudo 1.8.12, visudo will also parse the arguments to the sudoers plugin to override the default sudoers path name, UID, GID and file mode. These arguments, if present, should be listed after the path to the plugin (i.e. after sudoers.so). Multiple arguments may be specified, separated by white space. For example:

    Plugin sudoers_policy sudoers.so sudoers_mode=0400

The following arguments are supported:

sudoers_file=pathname
    The sudoers_file argument can be used to override the default path to the sudoers file.

sudoers_uid=uid
    The sudoers_uid argument can be used to override the default owner of the sudoers file. It should be specified as a numeric user ID.

sudoers_gid=gid
    The sudoers_gid argument can be used to override the default group of the sudoers file. It must be specified as a numeric group ID (not a group name).

sudoers_mode=mode
    The sudoers_mode argument can be used to override the default file mode for the sudoers file. It should be specified as an octal value.

For more information on configuring sudo.conf(5), please refer to its manual.

ENVIRONMENT
The following environment variables may be consulted depending on the value of the editor and env_editor sudoers settings:

SUDO_EDITOR
    Invoked by visudo as the editor to use

VISUAL
    Used by visudo if SUDO_EDITOR is not set

EDITOR
    Used by visudo if neither SUDO_EDITOR nor VISUAL is set

FILES

/etc/sudo.conf
    Sudo front end configuration

/etc/sudoers
    List of who can run what

/etc/sudoers.tmp
    Lock file for visudo

DIAGNOSTICS
In addition to reporting sudoers parse errors, visudo may produce the following messages:

sudoers file busy, try again later.
    Someone else is currently editing the sudoers file.

/etc/sudoers.tmp: Permission denied
    You didn't run visudo as root.

you do not exist in the passwd database
    Your user ID does not appear in the system passwd database.

Warning: {User,Runas,Host,Cmnd}_Alias referenced but not defined
    Either you are trying to use an undeclared {User,Runas,Host,Cmnd}_Alias or you have a user or host name listed that consists solely of uppercase letters, digits, and the underscore (‘_’) character. In the latter case, you can ignore the warnings ( sudo will not complain). The message is prefixed with the path name of the sudoers file and the line number where the undefined alias was used. In -s (strict) mode these are errors, not warnings.

Warning: unused {User,Runas,Host,Cmnd}_Alias
    The specified {User,Runas,Host,Cmnd}_Alias was defined but never used. The message is prefixed with the path name of the sudoers file and the line number where the unused alias was defined. You may wish to comment out or remove the unused alias.

Warning: cycle in {User,Runas,Host,Cmnd}_Alias
    The specified {User,Runas,Host,Cmnd}_Alias includes a reference to itself, either directly or through an alias it includes. The message is prefixed with the path name of the sudoers file and the line number where the cycle was detected. This is only a warning unless visudo is run in -s (strict) mode as sudo will ignore cycles when parsing the sudoers file.

unknown defaults entry "name"
    The sudoers file contains a Defaults setting not recognized by visudo.

/etc/sudoers: input and output files must be different
    The -x flag was used and the specified output_file has the same path name as the sudoers file to export.

SEE ALSO
vi(1), sudo.conf(5), sudoers(5), sudo(8), vipw(8)

AUTHORS
Many people have worked on sudo over the years; this version consists of code written primarily by:

Todd C. Miller

See the CONTRIBUTORS file in the sudo distribution (https://www.sudo.ws/contributors.html) for an exhaustive list of people who have contributed to sudo.

CAVEATS
There is no easy way to prevent a user from gaining a root shell if the editor used by visudo allows shell escapes.

BUGS
If you feel you have found a bug in visudo, please submit a bug report at https://bugzilla.sudo.ws/

SUPPORT
Limited free support is available via the sudo-users mailing list, see https://www.sudo.ws/mailman/listinfo/sudo-users to subscribe or search the archives.

DISCLAIMER
visudo is provided “AS IS” and any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed. See the LICENSE file distributed with sudo or https://www.sudo.ws/license.html for complete details.